As noted earlier, the idea of people being machines, called mechanism, was a key feature of behaviorism and other schools of thought in psychology until about the 1960s or 1970s. Additionally, you might have wondered if the person or animal will try to make the response again in the future even though it stopped being reinforced in the past. Behaviorism was dominant from 1913 to 1990 before being absorbed into mainstream psychology. b. the pleasure principle. Step 1 Neurons waiting to fire are said to be in, Step 2 If adequately stimulated, the neuron experiences an, Step 3 Once the action potential passes from one segment of the axon to the next, the previous segment begins to, Step 4 After the neuron fires, it will not fire again no matter how much stimulation it receives. 78. Psychosurgery. PDF Psychological Disorders You immediately focus all of your energy on the financial implications of your partner's departure and ways to save money. List and describe the models of abnormality. Psychology Chapter 13 Flashcards - Easy Notecards c. unconditional positive regard. According to psychoanalytic theory, which statement is TRUE about dreams? A theorist who takes an evolutionary perspective on abnormal behavior would MOST likely agree that: a. genome mapping is a waste of time. For each category, we have a schema, or a set of beliefs and expectations about a group of people, presumed to apply to all members of the group, and based on experience. 54. 12. When a doctor strikes your knee with that little hammer, your leg extends out automatically. Which model emphasizes the importance of conditioning in determining human actions? The somatic nervous system allows for voluntary movement by controlling the skeletal muscles and carries sensory information to the CNS. This model dismisses the effect of nonbiological factors on behavior. 116. All of the following describe drawbacks of the cognitive-behavioral model EXCEPT: a. it is difficult to test in the laboratory. d. disengaged. She is very open about herself and shares her thoughts and opinions freely. 134. c. moderate to severe mental illness and a coexisting developmental disorder. 70. Evaluating the behavioral model. Psychodynamic techniques. Figure 2.2. 49. 2.2.2.1. Treatments related to the biological model include drugs, ECT, and psychosurgery. d. libido. Before the race begins, she thinks, "I won't be able to do this!" Racial and ethnic minorities must contend with prejudice, discrimination, racism, economic hardships, etc. a. losing the dog b. having the dream over and over c. feeling panicked in the dream d. feeling stress about her mothers illness. d. acceptance and commitment, 97. b. What is this therapy? In the business setting, a model or trainer demonstrates how to use a computer program or run a register for a new employee. 31. If you recognize your worth as a person, Carl Rogers would say that you have developed: a. spontaneity. a. id b. superego c. self d. ego, 38. d. case studies. Outline respondent conditioning and the work of Pavlov and Watson. b. rationalization. Therapists who often deliberately frustrate and challenge their clients, and who often use role-playing and a here and now orientation, are _____ therapists. c. sociocultural c. tertiary prevention. A self-help group differs from group therapy in that the self-help group: A primary prevention approach is expected to be MOST beneficial for mental health issues with: Which phrase would one be MOST likely to hear in a self-help group? A theorist who believes that the multicultural perspective is the correct way to think about abnormality comes from which paradigm? This scenario demonstrates trial and error learning or making a response repeatedly if it leads to success. Explain the need for a multi-dimensional model of abnormality. Then there is the self-serving bias, which is when we attribute our success to our own efforts (dispositional) and our failures to external causes (situational). b. sociocultural a. Its key figures were Abraham Maslow, who proposed the hierarchy of needs, and Carl Rogers, who we will focus on here. d. development of sociopathic tendencies. 81. Dichotomous thinking Viewing people or events in all-or-nothing terms. Pavlov realized some stimuli automatically elicited responses (such as salivating to meat powder) and other stimuli had to be paired with these automatic associations for the animal or person to respond to it (such as salivating to a bell). a. cognitive b. humanistic c. psychodynamic d. rational emotive. 162. A biological theorist studies a psychological disorder through the interconnectivity of an entire network of brain structures. 92. Soon, the patient begins seeking the therapist's approval for all types of decisions, rather than just making the decisions herself. The pituitary gland is the master gland which regulates other endocrine glands. c. superego. Then, Jones gave the child some pleasant food (i.e., something sweet such as cookies [Panel C]; remember the response to the food is unlearned, i.e., Panel A). d. displacement. d. neurotransmitter imbalances. David Rosenhan sent pseudopatients to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. New evidence suggests nerve cell connections, nerve cell growth, and the functioning of nerve circuits have a major impact on depression and areas that play a significant role in depression are the amygdala, the thalamus, and the hippocampus. Also, individuals with borderline personality disorder have been shown to have structural and functional changes in brain areas associated with impulse control and emotional regulation, while imaging studies reveal differences in the frontal cortex and subcortical structures for those suffering from OCD. BIO 205 Flashcards | Quizlet The drug eliminates the biological urge to drink alcohol. Finally, the sociocultural model indicated the role of socioeconomic, gender, environmental, and multicultural factors on abnormal behavior. Over time, the temper tantrums become more and more common. a. cognitive-behavioral According to your reading on abnormal psychology, which term is defined as "the inability to perform in one or more important areas of functioning" and is a consideration in identifying the presence of a mental disorder? Chapter Recap. b. cognitive-behavioral a. cognitive-behavioral b. sociocultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 10. Conditioning, or a type of associative learning, occurs when two separate events become connected. For more information on psychotropic medications, please visit: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/mental-health-medications/index.shtml. As these cells die, the brain fails to receive messages about when and how to move. During the time-out, no one interacts with the child. d. They are the brains attempts to understand abnormal electrical activity. b. humanistic. Individuals who are in a long-term relationship. c. maintenance. Females are at higher risk for developing an anxiety disorder than men. When treating religious patients, it is recommended that mental health professionals: a. avoid discussing religion. Next, the children are placed in a room with several toys in it. "That's all right. How effective is the sociocultural model at explaining psychopathology and its treatment. c. psychodynamic. c. Two-thirds of treated couples achieve marital satisfaction by the end of therapy. They include hunger, thirst, self-preservation, and sex. As fears can be learned, so too they can be unlearned. c. superego. c. intellectualization. The drug causes severe vomiting if a person drinks alcohol while taking the drug. Which is an example of latent content? During a therapy session, a client is told to pretend the therapist is her parent and to tell her parent why she is angry. 2.3.4.3. See Figure 2.1 below. Think of it as an If-Then statement. a. d. reality principle. d. It produces a steady stream of low-voltage electricity to the targeted brain areas. Maladaptive cognitions. The earlier that treatment begins, the more effective it can be., https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/men-and-mental-health/index.shtml, In relation to women: Some disorders are more common in women such as depression and anxiety. d. object relations. a. modeling. They are a means of reprocessing information necessary for survival. 52. Providing routine mental health screenings, followed by immediate intervention as needed. Behaviorally test your thought. They then realize their worth as a person but also that they are not perfect. For mental health professionals, models help us to understand mental illness since diseases such as depression cannot be touched or experienced firsthand. c. cognitive-behavioral therapy. b. axons. Other examples will be discussed throughout this book. 2.2.2. Notice how the line has dropped below -70mV. c. They explain outside influences and past events. According to cognition-focused therapists, which is a factor in abnormal behavior? b. genetic mutations. b. a biological predisposition is the primary factor leading to abnormality. 2.3.4. 104. a. Describe how psychological perspectives explain mental illness. Researchers who have looked into the link between religious devotion and psychological well-being have come to the following conclusion that: d. only one factorstress or predispositionis necessary for abnormality to occur. Operant conditioning is a type of associate learning which focuses on consequences that follow a response or behavior that we make (anything we do or say) and whether it makes a behavior more or less likely to occur. c. deep brain stimulation. Regarding the finding that there are more seriously disturbed people within poor subpopulations, a multicultural theorist would focus on the way in which: a. personal responsibility is related to dysfunction. The goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy is BEST described as: modifying the client's negative behavior and dysfunctional ways of thinking. Genes, Hormonal Imbalances, and Viral Infections. This therapist is MOST likely a(n) _____ therapist. Which statement regarding the outcomes of couple therapy is FALSE? Nikolais grandmother has just baked cookies and is placing them on a cooling rack. c. humanistic-existential Transducers or receptor cells in the major organs of our five sensory systems vision (the eyes), hearing (the ears), smell (the nose), touch (the skin), and taste (the tongue) convert the physical energy that they detect or sense and send it to the brain via the neural impulse. Which is a goal of acceptance and commitment therapy? Respondent conditioning (also called classical or Pavlovian conditioning) occurs when we link a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus that is unlearned or inborn, called an unconditioned stimulus. A couple therapist who focuses on acceptance and positive change where possible is using _____ therapy. 15. The behavioral model concerns the cognitive process of learning, which is any relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience and practice and has two main forms associative learning to include classical and operant conditioning and observational learning. c. role-playing. "What an individual views as abnormal behavior in public may be the only way to effectively interact with family members.". c. cognitive Conditioning is when learning occurs. Track the accuracy of the thought. c. existential d. secondary process thought. d. self-help therapy. 2.3.1.2. a. working through b. exposure therapy c. role playing d. family therapy. b. existential therapy. a. cognitive-behavioral b. psychodynamic c. sociocultural d. humanistic-existential, 8. Neurotransmitters. c. Sessions are primarily conducted in a virtual environment. d. modifying the clients negative behavior and dysfunctional ways of thinking. See Figure 2.5 for an overview of Pavlovs classic experiment. These two cases demonstrate what principle of developmental psychopathology? Once the electrical impulse has passed from one segment of the axon to the next, the neuron begins the process of resetting called repolarization. There are times when we learn by simply watching others. It might be that the disorder causes dysfunction in the family, rather than the dysfunctional family causing the disorder. It provides the strength to fight back or to flee (fight-or-flight instinct). A primary focus of the community mental health treatment approach to abnormality is: Understanding a person's unconscious processes is critical in explaining abnormality. In the past, we have conducted trephination and lobotomies, neither of which are used today. The hope is that the client will engage in self-examination with acceptance and honesty. What happens when an electrical impulse reaches a neurons ending? How does the humanistic perspective approach psychopathology? d. encourages individuals to share information with the group. Second, the response is made, and a reinforcer is delivered. a. sharing advice b. analyzing dreams c. developing insights d. building social skills. Describe the role of hormonal imbalances in mental illness. What form of psychotherapy is ChaeWoo receiving? 115. Postconditioning. No one form of couple therapy stands out as superior to others. Secondary or conditioned reinforcers and punishers are not inherently reinforcing or punishing but must be learned. Resistance and transference are terms most likely used by which model? She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency. The motivation to form relationships with others is a central theme of: a. ego theory. What is learning? c. insert RNA into genes. Figure 2.8. Still, the sociocultural model suffers from unclear findings and not allowing for the establishment of causal relationships, reliance on more qualitative data gathered from case studies and ethnographic analyses (one such example is Zafra, 2016), and an inability to make predictions about abnormal behavior for individuals. Dogs do not enter the world knowing to respond to the ringing of a bell (which it hears). She published many short stories; a play called Womens Rights, in which she criticized the economic and sexual exploitation of women; and wrote a book in 1900 called The Jewish Problem in Galicia, in which she blamed the poverty of the Jews of Eastern Europe on their lack of education. d. They are unconscious and, therefore, not a factor in conscious experience. Once free, the cat was allowed to eat some food before being promptly returned to the box. 45. Cognitive processes cannot be empirically and reliably measured and should be ignored. c. transference. Of course, most people do not experience this but instead are made to feel that they can only be loved and respected if they meet certain standards, called conditions of worth. 74. d. brain circuits. Hence, to reach -55mV and fire, it will need more than the normal gain of +15mV (-70 to -55 mV). The biological treatment known as psychosurgery would MOST likely be used in the treatment of a patient with: a severe disorder and who has not responded to any other therapies over years of treatment. Examples include abnormal blood levels, damaged cells, and abnormal gene expression. as part of their daily life and this can lead to disordered behavior (Lo & Cheng, 2014; Jones, Cross, & DeFour, 2007; Satcher, 2001), though some research suggests that ethnic identity can buffer against these stressors and protect mental health (Mossakowski, 2003). There is no firsthand experience by the learner in observational learning, unlike enactive. In terms of distinctive structures, these focus on the ability of a neuron to send and receive information. d. humanists. It has several structures in common with all cells in the body. This statement aligns MOST closely with the beliefs of which type of theorist? How so? According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, ineffective interaction of the id, ego, and superego can result in a person becoming stuck at a developmental level. Evidence of the effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy comes from: a. natural observation. 94. Depersonalization can be defined as a feeling of unreality or detachment from oneself. c. poverty is a stressor that contributes to dysfunction. When Mathias did not get a job for which he applied, he was sure that everything was going wrong, that his life was completely off track. a. gestalt How is the anatomy of the brain important to a discussion of psychopathology? Clarify how multicultural factors affect mental illness. 62. b. prevention. This is an example of: Providing treatment as soon as it is needed so problems that are moderate or worse do not become long-term issues is called: Failure to treat many people with severe disturbances appropriately is MOST often a problem with which level of prevention? Communication in the nervous system. Those in the field of abnormal psychology study people's emotional, cognitive, and/or behavioral problems.Abnormal behavior may be defined as behavior that is disturbing (socially unacceptable), distressing, maladaptive (or selfdefeating), and often the result of distorted thoughts (cognitions).. Several perspectives (models, approaches derived from data) and theories attempt to explain the . It is most likely that his psychotherapist is a ____ therapist. A patient has loss of neurons in the cortex and the basal ganglia. Cognitive therapies. Some commonly used strategies include cognitive restructuring, cognitive coping skills training, and acceptance techniques. Evaluating psychodynamic theory. It operates on the reality principle, or an awareness of the need to adjust behavior, to meet the demands of our environment. 2.3.1.5. Essentially, they wanted to explore the possibility of conditioning various types of emotional response(s). The researchers ran a series of trials in which they exposed a 9-month-old child, known as Little Albert, to a white rat. A boy believes that he is deserving of love only when he earns good grades. 27. The brain stimulation technique that uses an electromagnetic coil placed on or above a persons head to send electrical current into certain areas of the brain is called: a. vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). To address this unique factor, culture-sensitive therapies have been developed and include increasing the therapists awareness of cultural values, hardships, stressors, and/or prejudices faced by their client; the identification of suppressed anger and pain; and raising the clients self-worth (Prochaska & Norcross, 2013). It sends brief electrical currents through the brain, stimulating a seizure. Second, the participants in his studies were not representative of the broader population. MOST likely, this therapist is a _____ therapist. A theorist who takes an evolutionary perspective on abnormal behavior would MOST likely agree that: at one time what is now often labeled abnormal behavior actually helped humans survive. Before introducing the current main models, it is crucial to understand what a model is. Conditioning. Note the plural form of dendrite and the singular form of axon; there are many dendrites but only one axon. Still, we must remember that the model is a starting point for the researcher, and due to this, it determines what causes might be investigated at the exclusion of other causes. 22. c. working to change unacceptable thoughts. b. resistance. A patients initial reaction to being told she has a sexually transmitted infection (STI) is to insist that the nurse made a mistake with the test. a. d. object relations theory. c. identified an external source as the cause of abnormal behavior. c. depression. _____ theory focuses on observable and conscious behaviors, whereas _____ theory focuses on unconscious processes. They are tied to experiences early in life. a. b. existential. Clarify how gender factors affect mental illness. c. take responsibility for harmful behavioral patterns. This criticism would be true of behaviorisms first two stages, though sociobehaviorism steered away from this proposition and even fought against any mechanistic leanings of behaviorists. So what do we do with this information? c. Existentialists believe that research dehumanizes individuals by reducing them to test measures. b. neurotransmitters. 50. Subjecting a person to a situation that causes the individual anxiety as a means of eliminating future anxiety is called: When I was a child, I loved to go swimming in a lake near my house. 2.2.2.2. Current multicultural perspectives are MOST likely to focus on the: special external pressures faced by members of a culture. The nervous system consists of two main parts the central and peripheral nervous systems. a. modeling. She could see the answers of the person next to her and briefly considered copying his answers. d. humanistic. Furthermore, some patients report feeling as though they lack speech or motor control, thus feeling at times like a robot. 122. There are two forms: classical conditioning, or linking together two types of stimuli, and operant conditioning, or linking together a response with its consequence. b. family structure and communication. Which is an example of a biological treatment for this condition? Or, they are easily distracted and sits in the back so that all stimuli are in front of him/her. c. psychodynamic-gestalt. The axon sends signals/information to neighboring neurons while the dendrites, which resemble little trees, receive information from neighboring neurons. 2.2.1.4. Right before his death, Skinner (1990) reminded psychologists that the only thing we can truly know and study was the observable. b. psychologically healthy people have more time and energy for religion. Content that was turned away was said to be repressed. 16. They also have not developed much in the way of theory, and the perspectives tend to work best with people suffering from adjustment issues and not as well with severe mental illness. Throughout this book, we will discuss several treatment strategies used to change unwanted, maladaptive cognitions, whether they are present as an excess such as with paranoia, suicidal ideation, or feelings of worthlessness; or as a deficit such as with self-confidence and self-efficacy.