These marriages helped build political alliances with the influential Caecilii Metelli and the Pompeys. The Library of Congress Teacher's page provides tools and guides for using primary sources in research, focusing of the unique materials in the Library's digital collections. [118], For 82BC, the consular elections returned Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, in his third consulship, with the younger Gaius Marius, the son of the seven-time consul, who was then twenty-six. [38] The next year, Sulla was elected military tribune and served under Marius,[39] and assigned to treat with the Marsi, part of the Germanic invaders, he was able to negotiate their defection from the Cimbri and Teutones. And for his consular colleague, he attempted to transfer to him the command of Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo's army. [40], In 102BC, the invaders returned and moved to force the Alps. He then revived the office of dictator, which had been inactive since the Second Punic War, over a century before. Secondary Sources: Primary sources are not complete; you will find the following helpful: Boardman, John, ed. Primary Sources Sallust. Despite initial difficulties, Sulla was successful with minimal resources and preparation; with few Roman troops, he hastily levied allied soldiers and advanced quickly into rugged terrain before routing superior enemy forces. In, Constitutional reforms of Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Rubicon: The Last Years of the Roman Republic, L. Cornelius (392) L. f. P. n. Sulla Felix ('Epaphroditus'), Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sulla&oldid=1142439185. He then sailed for Italy at the head of 1,200 ships. [31] Ultimately, the Numidians were defeated in 106BC, due in large part to Sulla's initiative in capturing the Numidian king. [68] Shortly after Sulla's election, probably in the last weeks of the year, Sulla married his daughter to one of his colleague Pompeius Rufus' sons. Encyclopaedia Romana - Has essays on several aspects of ancient Rome. During these times on the stage, after initially only singing, he started writing plays, Atellan farces, a kind of crude comedy. Pompey ambushed eight legions sent to relieve Praeneste but an uprising from the Samnites and the Lucanians forced Sulla to deploy south as they moved also to relieve Praeneste or join with Carbo in the north. The Steamboat Adventure. [41] After the failure of negotiations, the Romans and Cimbri engaged in the Battle of the Raudian Field in which the Cimbri were routed and destroyed. The Battle of Chaeronea was fought in early summer around the same time the Athenian acropolis was taken. Sulla, hearing this, feigned an attack while instructing his men to fraternise with Scipio's army. [citation needed], The second law concerned the sponsio, which was the sum in dispute in cases of debt, and usually had to be lodged with the praetor before the case was heard. [139][140], Sulla's goal now was to write his memoirs, which he finished in 78 BC, just before his death. When Gods Collide - Sulla and Marius - The 5 Most Titanic Military [40] But Catulus' army was defeated in the eastern Alps and withdrew from Venetia and thence to the southern side of the river Po. Hanover Historical Texts Collection - History Department An example of the extent of his charming side was that his soldiers would sing a ditty about Sulla's one testicle, although without truth, to which he allowed as being "fond of a jest. No action was taken against the troops nor action taken to relieve Pompey Strabo of command. He was, however, defeated. He became a tribune of the plebeians in 52 BC where he gained a reputation for being a strong supporter of the populares. [93] News of these conquests reached Rome in the autumn of 89BC, leading the Senate and people to declare war; actual preparations for war were, however, delayed: after Sulla was given the command, it took him some eighteen months to organise five legions before setting off; Rome was also severely strained financially. Primary vs. Secondary Sources | Difference & Examples - Scribbr Shortly before Sulla's first consulship, the Romans fought the bloody Social War against their . The Iraq War Ten Years After - George Washington University Each actor's story is unique and each brings something important to the ensemble. Modern sources have been somewhat less damning, as the Mithridatic campaigns later showed that no quick victory over Pontus was possible as long as Mithridates survived. An inscription on a sixteenth-century tombstone in Istanbul would be a primary source from the Classical Ottoman Age. The proceeds from auctioned property more than made up for the cost of rewarding those who killed the proscribed, filling the treasury. Marius, offering his services to Cinna, helped levy troops. [11], Sulla, the son of Lucius Cornelius Sulla and the grandson of Publius Cornelius Sulla,[12] was born into a branch of the patrician gens Cornelia, but his family had fallen to an impoverished condition at the time of his birth. Marius and his son, along with some others, escaped to Africa. Sulla also codified, and thus established definitively, the cursus honorum, which required an individual to reach a certain age and level of experience before running for any particular office. The bubonic plague was the most commonly seen form during the Black Death, with a mortality rate of 30-75% and symptoms including fever of 38 - 41 C (101-105 F), headaches, painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a general feeling of malaise. His primary duty was the defeat of Mithridates and the re-establishment of Roman power in the east. Plutarch of Chaeronea in Boeotia (ca. Sulla and the proscriptions - Jerry Fielden Scipio's men quickly abandoned him for Sulla; finding him almost alone in his camp, Sulla tried again to persuade Scipio to defect. Gaius Sallustius Crispus (Sallust) was born Amiternum in the country of the Sabines in 86 BC. National Archives Catalog Find online primary source materials for classroom & student projects from the National Archive's online catalog (OPA). Almost breaking before Marius' makeshift forces, Sulla then stationed troops all over the city before summoning the Senate and inducing it to outlaw Marius, Marius' son, Sulpicius, and nine others. [75], Speaking to the men, Sulla complained to them of the outrageous behaviour of Marius and Sulpicius. Plutarch states in his Life of Sulla that "Sulla now began to make blood flow, and he filled the city with deaths without number or limit," further alleging that many of the murdered victims had nothing to do with Sulla, though Sulla killed them to "please his adherents.". Thus, Sulla was presented with a choice. His descendants among the Cornelii Sullae would hold four consulships during the imperial period: Lucius Cornelius Sulla in 5 BC, Faustus Cornelius Sulla in AD 31, Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix in AD 33, and Faustus Cornelius Sulla Felix in 52 AD (he was the son of the consul of 31, and the husband of Claudia Antonia, daughter of the emperor Claudius). Sulla was a man to whom, up to victory, sufficient praise can hardly be given, and for whom, after victory, no criticism can be adequate. [67], Sulla's election to the consulship, successful likely due to his military success in 89BC, was not uncontested. The proscriptions are widely perceived as a response to similar killings that Marius and Cinna had implemented while they controlled the Republic during Sulla's absence. Perseus Collection of Greek and Roman Material - Has numerous texts of primary sources. However, despite this portrayal, particularly from Plutarch's accounts, it is difficult to determine just how culpable Marius and Sulla were for the chaos that engulfed the Roman Republic As a result, "husbands were butchered in the arms of their wives, sons in the arms of their mothers. . [23] The means by which Sulla attained the fortune which later would enable him to ascend the ladder of Roman politics are not clear; Plutarch refers to two inheritances, one from his stepmother (who loved him dearly) and the other from his mistress Nicopolis. Archives; Correspondence Making of America. Works of art, in general, are considered primary sources. Family members of the proscribed were not excluded from punishment, and slaves were not excluded from rewards. They are original research, thinking, or discovery on a topic or event, and are written or created by people who actually experienced the event . Sulla 5 (L. Cornelius Sulla Felix) - Roman dictator, 82-79 B.C. [100] The Pontic casualties given in Plutarch and Appian, the main sources for the battles, are exaggerated; Sulla's report that he suffered merely fifteen losses is not credible. Proscribing or outlawing every one of those whom he perceived to have acted against the best interests of the Republic while he was in the east, Sulla ordered some 1,500 nobles (i.e. Social: Facebook Page YouTube Page Instagram Page. Archelaus then hid in the nearby marshes before escaping to Chalcis. He was awarded the Grass Crown for his bravery at the Battle of Nola. Graduate Admissions - New York University [146] An epitaph, which Sulla composed himself, was inscribed onto the tomb, reading, "No friend ever served me, and no enemy ever wronged me, whom I have not repaid in full. Studying the past supports good citizenship, which is requisite for a fair and effective democracy. [99], Discovering a weak point in the walls and popular discontent with the Athenian tyrant Aristion, Sulla stormed and captured Athens (except the Acropolis) on 1 March 86BC. Five reasons why primary sources should be used for teaching Primary sources enable students to explore the documentary evidence of a nation's history - the roots of its government, value systems and role on the world stage. Sulla can be seen as setting the precedent for Julius Caesar's dictatorship, and for the eventual end of the Republic under Augustus. The collection is particularly strong in the subject areas of education, psychology, American history, sociology, religion, and science and technology. What Is a Primary Source? - Definition & Examples - Study.com La riunione periodica sulla sicurezza e la salute dei lavoratori deve essere convocata dal datore di lavoro e devono partecipare almeno il rappresentante dei lavoratori per la sicurezza (RLS) e il medico competente. Beginning Research Activities Student activities designed to help . Possibly to protect himself from future political retribution, Sulla had the sons and grandsons of the proscribed banned from running for political office, a restriction not removed for over 30 years. Sulla had total control of the city and Republic of Rome, except for Hispania (which Marius' general Quintus Sertorius had established as an independent state). The Mithridatic War (88 - 85 BC) Life dates 138 BC-78 BC. to A.D. 68 (1959; 2d ed. Internet History Sourcebooks Project: Ancient History - Fordham University [145], His public funeral in Rome (in the Forum, in the presence of the whole city) was on a scale unmatched until that of Augustus in AD 14. With Mithridates' armies in Europe almost entirely destroyed, Archelaus and Sulla negotiated a set of relatively cordial peace terms which were then forwarded to Mithridates. This, of course, meant that many cases were never heard at all, as poorer clients did not have the money for the sponsio. Scipio's army blamed him for the breakdown in negotiations and made it clear to the consul that they would not fight Sulla, who at this point appeared the peacemaker. The hundreds of thousands of men who enlisted . Skilfully withdrawing to Clusium, he delegated to Norbanus command of troops to hold Metellus Pius. He had one child from this union, before his first wife's death. The first of the, Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (. J. He had close connections to the imperial family and was the husband of Antonia, Claudius's daughter, and might thus have been seen as a threat to Nero. The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. Newspaper reports, by reporters who witnessed an event or who quote people who did. be determined. Essentially, they're sources about primary sources. In the natural and social sciences, primary sources are often empirical studies . Website. [6] He also disbanded his legions and, through these gestures, attempted to show the re-establishment of normal consular government. 133/18 Scipio praises C.Marius. [citation needed]. He then reinforced this decision by legislation, retroactively justifying his illegal march on the city and stripping the twelve outlaws of their Roman citizenship. During these marriages, he engaged in an affair with Nicopolis, who also was older than him. Primary and Secondary Sources: How Should They Be Used? Primary sources are original . [106] Roman forces then surrounded the Pontic camp. Primary sources are "first-hand" information, sources as close as possible to the origin of the information or idea under study. Primary sources can include: Texts of laws and other original documents. [130], In total control of the city and its affairs, Sulla instituted a series of proscriptions (a program of executing and confiscating the property of those whom he perceived as enemies of the state). The Late Republic - Clarkson Sulla then settled affairs "reparations, rewards, administrative and financial arrangements for the future" in Asia, staying there until 84BC. [92] In the summer of 88, he reorganised the administration of the area before unsuccessfully besieging Rhodes. What is a primary source? - Paperpile The personal motto was "no better friend, no worse enemy.". Sulla then established a system where all consuls and praetors served in Rome during their year in office, and then commanded a provincial army as a governor for the year after they left office. However, this material may be located in a number of places including in the library, elsewhere on campus, or even online. Lucius Cornelius Sulla (l. 138 - 78 BCE) enacted his constitutional reforms (81 BCE) as dictator to strengthen the Roman Senate's power. Introduction - Primary Sources - LibGuides at CSU Los Angeles What Is a Primary Source? Or he could attempt to reverse it and regain his command. [54] Various proposals to give the allies Roman citizenship over the decades had failed for various reasons, just as the allies also "became progressively more aware of the need to cease to be subjects and to share in the exercise of imperial power" by acquiring that citizenship. 9, The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146-43 BC. While Sulla's laws such as those concerning qualification for admittance to the Senate, reform of the legal system and regulations of governorships remained on Rome's statutes long into the principate, much of his legislation was repealed less than a decade after his death. [84] Cinna, even before the election, said he would prosecute Sulla at the conclusion of the latter's consular term. The next year, 96BC, he assigned "probably pro consule as was customary" to Cilicia in Asia Minor. Sulla then increased the number of magistrates elected in any given year, and required that all newly elected quaestores gain automatic membership in the Senate. He could acknowledge the law as valid. The collection currently contains . PDF The Emperor Nero: A Guide to the Ancient Sources - Introduction Primary Source Terms:. Primary Sources on the Web: Finding, Evaluating, Using. Sulla's law waived the sponsio, allowing such cases to be heard without it. [78], When the march on Rome started, the Senate and people were appalled. Roman military leaders. Primary sources - Roman Republic and Empire - Research Guides at CSU [141][140][142][143][144] Accounts were also written that he had an infestation of worms, caused by the ulcers, which led to his death. [citation needed], Sulla became embroiled in a political fight against one of the plebeian tribunes, Publius Sulpicius Rufus, on the matter of how the new Italian citizens were to be distributed into the Roman tribes for purposes of voting. [136] Sulla's reforms both looked to the past (often repassing former laws) and regulated for the future, particularly in his redefinition of maiestas (treason) laws and in his reform of the Senate. At the same time, Mithridates attempted to force a land battle in northern Greece, and dispatched a large army across the Hellespont. Updated on October 07, 2019. [18] Lacking ready money, Sulla spent his youth among Romes comedians, actors, lute players, and dancers. Reason #4: studying primary sources helps students become better citizens. Internet History Sourcebooks: Modern History - Fordham University This "firsthand" understanding of human motivations and the ordinary Roman citizen may explain why he was able to succeed as a general despite lacking any significant military experience before his 30s.[25]. Primary vs. Secondary - Primary Sources: A Research Guide - Research The Roman general and dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla (138-78 B.C.) Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo, merely an ex-aedile and one of Sulla's long-time enemies, had contested the top magistracy. Primary sources how to use them | Services to Schools "[132] The majority of the proscribed had not been enemies of Sulla, but instead were killed for their property, which was confiscated and auctioned off. After some days, both sides engaged in battle. After the battle, Marius withdrew to Praeneste and was there besieged. Biography Roman military commander and dictator of the Roman republic (81-80 BC). Social War | Roman history | Britannica In fact, many sources can be either primary or secondary depending on the context of the research and of the source itself. Speeches, diaries, letters and interviews - what the people involved said or . [81.3] Magnesia, the only city in Asia that remained loyal, was defended against Mithridates with the greatest courage. Internet History Sourcebooks Project - Fordham University He returned victorious from the east in 82 BC, marched a second time on Rome, and crushed the populares and their Italian allies at the Battle of the Colline Gate. In the decades before Sulla had become dictator, Roman politics became increasingly violent. They had, however, fallen on hard times. Secondary sources are interpretations of history. Sulla's body was brought into the city on a golden bier, escorted by his veteran soldiers, and funeral orations were delivered by several eminent senators, with the main oration possibly delivered by Lucius Marcius Philippus or Hortensius. [123], After the younger Marius' defeat, Sulla had the Samnite war captives massacred, which triggered an uprising in his rear. He married again, with a woman called Aelia, of which nothing is known other than her name. There, while giving a speech, he had three or four thousand Samnite prisoners butchered, to the shock of the attending senators. For instance, Da Vinci's Mona Lisa is a primary source because it is the most famous art piece during the Renaissance period. In art, literature, and cultural studies, primary sources . Sulla's career is recounted in detail in Howard Hayes Scullard, From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. Deciding whether a source is primary or secondary is sometimes confusing. The Roman military and political leader Sulla "Felix" (138-78 B.C.E.) Primary sources enable the researcher to get as close as possible to the truth of what actually happened during an historical event or time period. Sulla immediately proscribed 80 persons without communicating with any magistrate. Publius Cornelius Rufinus, one of Sulla's ancestors and also the last member of his family to be consul, was banished from the Senate after having been caught possessing more than 10 pounds of silver plate. He used his powers to purge his opponents, and reform Roman constitutional laws, to restore the primacy of the Senate and limit the power of the tribunes of the plebs. [59] Sulla attempted also to assist Lucius' relief of the city of Aesernia, which was under siege, but both men were unsuccessful. [47], Sulla's campaign in Cappadocia had led him to the banks of the Euphrates, where he was approached by an embassy from the Parthian Empire. Throughout the research process, you'll likely use various types of sources. These sources have not been modified by interpretation and offer original thought or new information. Biographies of historical and famous people. [55] The Cimbric war also revived Italian solidarity, aided by Roman extension of corruption laws to allow allies to lodge extortion claims. Marius, Sulla, and the Fall of the Roman Republic Ancient Historians of Roman History - ThoughtCo Editor: Paul Halsall. Athens itself was spared total destruction "in recognition of [its] glorious past" but the city was sacked. [59], In the first year of fighting, Roman strategy was largely one of containment, attempting to stop the revolting allies from spreading their rebellion into Roman-controlled territory. There, Sulla attacked him in an indecisive battle. was a major figure in the late Roman Republic. Collections Online | British Museum Sulla and the proscriptions Lucius Cornelius Sulla was consul in 88 BC (and again in 80 BC) and dictator from 82 to 79 BC. The ancient biography of Sulla written by Plutarch is useful. Sulla's First Civil War (88-87 BC) - HistoryOfWar.org 101 BC: Took part in the defeat of the Cimbri at the, 90-89 BC: Senior officer in the Social War, as, Holds the consulship for the first time, with, 87 BC: Commands Roman armies to fight King, 85 BC: Liberates the provinces of Macedonia, Asia, and Cilicia from Pontic occupation, 83 BC: Returns to Italy and undertakes civil war against the factional Marian government, 83-82 BC: Enters war with the followers of Gaius Marius the Younger and Cinna, 82 BC: Obtains victory at the battle of the Colline Gate, 80 BC: Holds the consulship for the second time. At the start of his second consulship in 80BC with Metellus Pius, Sulla resigned his dictatorship. A list of useful online sources for reading about Rome at the time of Sulla Bill Thayer's LacusCurtius - Includes maps of the Roman world, texts of several primary sources, and William Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. onwards. In 89BC, one of the tribunes of the plebs passed the lex Plautia Papiria, which granted citizenship to all of the allies (with exception for the Samnites and Lucanians still under arms). Finding Primary Sources Primary Sources from DocsTeach Thousands of online primary source documents from the National Archives to bring the past to life as classroom teaching tools. These sieges lasted until spring of 86BC. Regardless, if he had immediate plans for a consulship, they were forced into the background at the outbreak of war. [152], Sulla was red-blond[154] and blue-eyed, and had a dead-white face covered with red marks. [36] Amid a reorganisation of political alliances, the traditionalists in the Senate raised up Sulla a patrician, even if a poor one, as a counterweight against the newcomer Marius. Finding Primary Sources for Teachers and Students The constitutional reforms of Sulla were a series of laws enacted by the Roman dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla between 82 and 80 BC, reforming the Constitution of the Roman Republic in a revolutionary way.. [100] In need of resources, Sulla sacked the temples of Epidaurus, Delphi, and Olympia; after a battle with the Pontic general Archelaus outside Piraeus, Sulla's forces forced the Pontic garrison to withdraw by sea.