mmpi validity scales interpretation mmpi validity scales interpretation

The MMPI-2-RF was constructed using a similar rationale used to create the Restructured Clinical (RC) scales. The 9 Best Online Guided Meditation Options in 2022. Validity scales can show how accurate the test is, as well as to what degree answers may have been distorted. Interpret somatic scales cautiously . Highly correlated with the K scale. The current study utilized an experimental design to investigate the utility of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)-3 Validity Scales for detecting overreporting and underreporting and the impact of these response sets on substantive scale scores. The MMPI-2-RF consists of a subset of 338 items from the MMPI-2. Archer RP, Handel RW, Ben-Porath YS, Tellegen A. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality InventoryAdolescent-Resctructed Form (MMPI-A-RF). <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> endobj The MMPI can be administered individually or in groups and computerized versions are available as well. Researchers recommended that clinicians could use the MMPI to help detect and treat groups with a high risk of suicide. The MMPI-2 yields scores for ten clusters of mental health issues. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2. It's a self-reporting inventory that evaluates where. Sci Context. This scale can help establish the credibility of the test taker. Due to new norms, on the MMPI-2 a T score of 65 is significant. Additionally, new validity scales were incorporated in the revised test. Although the MMPI-A-RF items are a subset of the MMPI-A item pool, the structure of the MMPI-A-RF was informed by the development of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF; Ben-Porath & This scale was originally developed to identify individuals with schizophrenia. Psych Central does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. )$ (Lb T8. Although some self-report instruments (e.g., the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, MMPI) have specifically been designed to consider the effects of participants' response styles in their disclosure of psychopathology, many of the most commonly used instruments (e.g., the revised edition of the Symptom Checklist-90, SCL-90-R; the Beck Depression Inventory, BDI) do not. If these criteria are not met, print statements from any single elevated scale . Kerry Boyle D.Ac., M.S., L.Ac., Dipl. endobj A high number of such items renders a profile invalid and may suggest that the examinee perceived the items as irrelevant, was uncooperative, was defensive or indecisive, or could not understand the items. stream Determining whether it's mania or hypomania is one step toward finding the best treatment. <> The MMPI-2-RF contains 338 items, contains 9 validity and 42 homogeneous substantive scales, and allows for a straightforward interpretation strategy. Each scale is made of a specific group of questions (unknown to the test taker), which the test developers field research says indicates a particular psychological condition. If there are signs of psychopathology in the history, then high K indicates defensiveness, insightlessness, intolerance, dogmatism, and being controlling. S Superlative Self-Presentation Scale (Butcher and Han, 1995) (50 items); based on comparing the responses of male airline pilot applicants with the male MMPI-2 normative sample. 6 0 obj The present study evaluated the MMPI-3 Validity Scales in the identification of such response bias. The highest and lowest T scores possible on each scale are indicated by a "---"; MMPI-2-RF T scores are non-gendered. This scale is used to detect attempts at overreporting. You may know this stigmatized condition as multiple personality disorder or split personality. Low: (< Raw 3). College students completed a battery of criterion measures before assignment to a Standard Instructions (SIs) Group (n = 288), an . Ben-Porath YS, Tellegen A. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form. Schilling R, et al. Chmielewski M, Zhu J, Burchett D, Bury AS, Bagby RM. Its important to know that the MMPI isnt a standardized test in the usual sense. Scores greater than T65 suggest some exaggeration, and scores greater than T98 are most likely to be exaggerated. As with K, if the person is indeed high functioning, a high score accurately measures ego strength. K scale elevations may indicate that an examinee was being defensive, has poor insight, and may be seeking to maintain a faqade of adequacy and control without admitting to problems or weaknesses. SuperlaveSelfPresentaon(S) DevelopedbyButcherandHan(1995)toidenfyunder reporngwiththeenreMMPI2itempool 50items,44keyedFalse . 5 0 obj The results of the MMPI test will give your clinician a sense of what mental health conditions you might be experiencing. High scores, 13 or more, have responded to the MMPI in a "yea-saying" test set, responding mostly "True". We're unpacking the Four Horseman of the. Since these tests can be used for circumstances like employment screenings and custody hearings, test takers may not be completely honest in their answers. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. People have always had concerns over the reliability and accuracy of the MMPI ever since it was first published in 1942. 2 0 obj Interpretation of the MMPI-A A. In general, clinically significant elevations on the Substantive Scales are identified beginning at T score 60. The MMPI-2: An interpretive manual (2nd ed.). Here are a few ways you can support someone experiencing paranoia. MMPI History: A Brief History of the MMPI Instruments. In all, if an overreporting scale is elevated, it is likely the examinee responded in a manner that exaggerated impressions of experienced psychopathology. DJ%I6 'qW?)EhE. A high L can mean anything from a very well mannered normal wanting to give a good impression, to a compensated paranoid. Interpretation of MMPI-2 validity scales. (n.d.). When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. In the years after the test was first published, clinicians and researchers began to question the accuracy of the MMPI. Mostly elevations in the F scale are due to psychopathology; high item overlap with scale 8. These scales overlap, but generally, high scale scores point to a high risk of having a mental health disorder. New York: Oxford University Press. If you're taking the MMPI test, the following are some helpful tips to keep in mind: While you may be able to take the MMPI online, you can also research psychologists and/or psychiatrists in your area who can refer you to a professional that will administer the test in person. The site is secure. All MMPI-3 Validity Scales, particularly Fp (g = 1.29), F (g = 1.05), and RBS (g = 1.11), differentiated the overreporting group from patients with genuine psychopathology. The MMPI-2-RF contains 338 questions and takes around 35 to 50 minutes to finish. Licensed Psychologist All Rights Reserved. Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. Interpreting the MMPI is a complex process that is closely protected and monitored. T scores (mean of 50 and standard deviations of 10) were used to compute the standard scores. The MMPI-2 test questions consist of 567 true-false and take approximately 60 to 90 minutes to complete; the MMPI-2-RF has 338 true-false questions, taking 35 to 50 minutes to finish. The MMPI is an objective personality test that was first published in 1943 by Starke Hathaway, PhD and J. Charnley McKinley, MD who were working to develop a routine diagnostic instrument. 2005-2023 Psych Central a Red Ventures Company. Look for the two highest scores >T64 on the basic MMPI-2 scales (1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9,and 0 ). While the MMPI is not a perfect test, it remains a valuable tool in the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness. endobj Overall, if an underreporting scale is elevated, it is likely the examinee approached other items in a manner that attempted to present the most favorable self-image and deny psychological difficulties. Pearson Assessments; 1989. validity information for each recovered and new scale, and convincingly demonstrate that their new Content Cluster approach results in improved prediction and interpretive power. >> The MMPI-2 is often used in legal cases, including criminal defense and custody disputes. (2021). More than ten left unanswered may be of clinical significance. This section consists of 20 paired questions that are the opposite of each other. %PDF-1.6 % An analogue simulation design was used in which participants in an overreporting condition (163 undergraduate students) were instructed to feign mental health symptoms when responding to the MMPI-3 in the context of a compensation-seeking claim. High scores indicate a tendency to yea-say (i.e., endorse many items as true), and low scores indicate a tendency to nay-say (i.e., endorse many items as false). Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. Verywell Mind's content is for informational and educational purposes only. If this criteria is not met, then go to the next rule: if L.>6, K>22, L and K T> F Tscore, F-K<-19, Repression >T69 and Anxiety < T60, then shift the criteria down to include>T62. Scores between T71 and T113 may be exaggerated, unless the psychopathology is obviously severe; scores greater than T113 suggest exaggeration. There are a variety of versions of the MMPI in general use today: These versions of the test are based on different norms and clinical scales. We're bending an ear to what experts say about ASMR (autonomous sensory meridian response) sounds and your mental health. This study describes the development of a Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) scale designed to detect negative response bias in forensic neuropsychological or disability assessment settings. The hypochondriasis scale is designed to detect exaggerated concern over ones health that is unsupported by medical authority. Mp is highly correlated with Sd, L and S. Mp should only be used along with L and K. If T greater than 60, and L and/or K are also high, there is likely to be a conscious attempt to fake to look good. %PDF-1.5 The MMPI will probably never receive total approval or total disapproval. The validity scales examined included the Response Bias Scale (RBS), the Symptom Validity Scales (FBS, FBS-r), Infrequent Somatic Responses scale (Fs), and the Henry . Others argued that the results indicated possible test bias, while others felt the test itself contained sexist and racist questions. Test division. English: Nationally representative English-language normative sample designed to match US Census Bureau demographic projections for 2020, 1,620 individuals (810 men and 810 women) ages 18 and older. Kwc3^c-SyFVv+)Jr@9lWQe/Fvndc=g#_\5I=WUc;]:M!b"r:'\85Ro./Z5Pm8Ugrfz3C1Q!|G315g l[+4q]of:i/9\:>Um5 (2021). This diagnostic label is no longer used today and the symptoms described on this scale are more reflective of anxiety, depression, andobsessive-compulsive disorder. endobj The MMPI is the most frequently used and most extensively researched psychological assessment tool. ?kI?3!p}jss6H[|Q. Forensic Uses of Clinical Assessment Instruments. (2015). Mp- Positive Malingering Scale (Cofer et al. In addition, 14 critical item sets are provided, including 7 Depression/Suicidal Ideation items. 2013 Aug;37(4):219-30. doi: 10.1037/lhb0000008. The validity scales attempt to identify deceptive or inconsistent test results. This study aimed to develop a q-set customized for individuals diagnosed with substance abuse or those . The MMPI-2 uses the following scales. VRIN measures the degree to which the examinee responded consistently to items similar in content, with logically inconsistent responses of particular note. This means the test and its materials are not freely available to the public. Plus, four ASMR YouTubers, With decades of data from studying real couples, Dr. John Gottman's predictors of divorce are 93% accurate. . Also included are feelings of grandiosity and egocentricity. PSYC 368_Ch 14_Personality Testing_MMPI-2 [Video file]. F(p)- Infrequency-Psychopathology Scale (Aribisi and Ben-Porath,1995a, 1995b); (27 items); the F scale was developed on normals who responded to items less than 10% of the time. These training slides provide an overview of the MMPI-2, including a description of the scales comprising the test, as well as information about the materials available to score and interpret test results. Diagnoses should be made by taking a number of things into account such as a physical and psychological exam, a thorough health history, and, if necessary, lab tests to rule out substance use and/or other illnesses that may produce symptoms of mental health conditions. Third, the extent to which the examinee accurately self-described symptoms and did not over- or underreport psychopathology is evaluated. A strength of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) is its multiple indicators regarding an examinees approach to the test. Mania vs. Hypomania: Whats the Difference? 13 0 obj However, mental health professionals don't rely on the results alone when making a diagnosis. That is, people who are highly educated and getting along well with other individuals, should score moderately high on the K scale. As with K, if the person is indeed high functioning, a high score accurately measures ego strength. Here's a brief overview of the clinical scales on the MMPI-2 and the MMPI-A. 2021 May;33(5):411-426. doi: 10.1037/pas0000988. Although the MMPI provides useful information, a health professional shouldn't rely on just one tool in order to make a full diagnosis. xU]hU>sg -?m 2VMIfS*tv6;df&O>*6/J5 Read our, Things to Consider When Taking the MMPI Test, The Use of Self-Report Data in Psychology, How Self-Report Inventories Are Used in Psychology. The MMPI has built-in clinical scales that describe a person's psychological processes and how they respond to stress. Practical management of pain. A tally of omitted items. ASMR: Why Certain Sounds Soothe Your Mind, 4 Relationship Behaviors That Often Lead to Divorce, non-responding or inconsistent responding (CNS, VRIN, TRIN), over-reporting, or exaggerating psychological symptoms, popularly called faking bad (F, Fb, Fp, FBS), under-reporting, or reducing psychological symptoms, popularly called faking good (L, K, S). The test is part of a psychological evaluation your clinician will make. A norm is a statistic or set of statistics (such as average, standard deviations, and score ranges) that researchers compare an individuals score against. 1938 0 obj <>stream Instead, be ready to answer the questions as honestly as possible. << /Type /Page /Parent 3 0 R /Resources 6 0 R /Contents 4 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] If youre going to take the MMPI test, there really is no way to prepare. endobj xx)o[%@dr/]rUYDY8eHJz~6b zzOit?mnvs?xqkw9L+?nF;p}|8t"}?=\F/.H}RyD'CG}mG:*r*Sg.[ L Lie Scale (Hathaway and McKinley, 1951) (15 items). HI@ 22Y+4dF -0 endstream endobj startxref 0 %%EOF 125 0 obj <>stream adequate measures. Sellbom M, Anderson JL. In addition, results indicated that the criterion validity of the substantive scale scores was compromised in the context of overreporting. K Scale - Defensiveness (McKinley, Hathaway & Meehl, 1948). It also has sub-scales that assess the test taker's belief in human goodness, serenity, contentment with life, patience/denial of irritability, and denial of moral flaws. Medical Reviewers confirm the content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research. 152-155 (Hathaway and McKinley, 1989). It can also be due to over or underreporting, fixed responding, becoming tired, or being under severe stress. The recently released Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-3 (MMPI-3) includes a revised set of Validity Scales on which there is currently limited validity and clinical utility evidence for the detection of overreporting. The MMPI was developed in the 1930s to help mental health professionals evaluate people with psychiatric disorders. 1983-2011 Robert M. Gordon, Ph.D. ABPP. Only professionals who can provide the required credentials can buy the test from Pearson Assessments. TRIN - True Response Inconsistency scale (Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham & Tellegen 1989). It is important to look for a pattern that may exist in the items that are left blank. University of Minnesota Press. This helps researchers determine the baseline normal, or typical, result. Also referred to as the lie scale, this "uncommon virtues" validity scale was developed to detect attempts by individuals to present themselves in a favorable light. High elevations of these scales invalidate an MMPI-2 pro-file and may indicate confusion or reading problems, random responding, severe psychopathology, symptom exaggeration, or malingering. MMPI-3: A new norm [Video file]. MMPI-2 Training Slides, Univerity of Minnesota Press; 2015. 3 0 obj Psychol Assess. Very high scores are usually a sign of defensiveness. Low (> /Font << /TT1 8 0 R This scale helps detect intentional overreporting in people who have a mental health disorder of some sort or who were using random or fixed responding. Five subscales are; Belief in Human Goodness, Serenity, Contentment with Life, Patience and Denial of Irritability and Anger, and Denial of Moral Flaws. It also gauges feelings of alienation from self and society as well as boredom. Ideally, examinees answer all questions, respond consistently, and do not distort test findings by overreporting or underreporting experienced psychopathology. Bookshelf This scale was originally used to measure excessive doubts, compulsions, obsessions, and unreasonable fears. Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales (Tellegen et al., https://www.upress.umn.edu/test-division/mmpi-2/mmpi-2-training-slides, The MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales, nterpretation of MMPI-2 Content, Supplementary, and PSY-5 Scales, MMPI-2 Computerized Scoring and Interpretation. Low scores of 5 or less responded with a "nay-saying" test set, responding mainly "False.". Several scales provide information about possible overreporting or symptom exaggeration. Butcher JN, Graham JR, Ben-Porath YS, Tellegen A, Dahlstrom WG, Kaemmer B. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2. (2013). {@QpdWKWfIL_gw,FVZ \" HI!/=TuVl_\SUpG#nfHpP:5v[y)jV3DuYZ@(f z$MRJIjyP N;Fs]H0/dh2TsqF'_m?T8z{g/L9>ZLM%\A d9#-5Whoz}jb}V-fJ"b%D%Y8)%r7dD >XfnZc\3nor9tC$a@4J v1oE High scores on this scale sometimes indicate that the respondent stopped paying attention and began answering questions randomly. Sd highly correlates with Mp and L, and only slightly with K. High scores, >T65, are associated with claims of assertiveness, confidence, and virtuousness. It contains a variety of true/false questions that are scored on a scale used to describe a persons mental processes and how they manage stress. Before hbbd```b``@$2d, 2X7D Content is reviewed before publication and upon substantial updates. 8600 Rockville Pike endobj Psychological testing is a process in which a series of tests are used to help diagnose and treat mental health conditions. This scale identifies abnormal fears, self-criticism, and concentration difficulty. People may underreport because they're worried about being judged or they may be minimizing their problems or denying that they have any problems at all. 2023 Dotdash Media, Inc. All rights reserved. Today, it's the most frequently used clinical testing instrument and is one of the most researched psychological tests in existence. The MMPI-2-RF has been in use for five years, during which a substantial literature has accumulated on the nine validity scales of the inventory. Its not a test you either pass or fail. Ds Dissimulation Scale (Gough,1954); (58 items); developed on true neurotics verses normals faking neurosis, Ds measures more exaggeration of neurotic symptoms, whereas F and Fb assesses more exaggeration of psychotic or severe symptoms. Disclaimer. <>>> The present study evaluated the MMPI-3 Validity Scales in the identification of such response bias. [ /ICCBased 10 0 R ] The MMPI is designed to evaluate the thoughts, feelings, attitudes, and behaviors that make up an individual's personality. xzKW^u=^H^vV!S(QE`WY7i74gvuvbU6f4K5$ VD=%*RQ3hTO $fwk}c\iGV1Z/ wdiM3 (h`1&Y8jR p.lImGqXbR;a*,=\**#Rmf3v=WZmjVXkF"v9@VzfIGq#mru${MCJr>v,yGzSXv /TT2 9 0 R >> >> The items on this scale concern physical symptoms and well-being. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies xO6s$Ktl65Gl$o= 3o)El)e#;y!!nL~:3^&L7RlmUy$q%?~ There are a variety of both intentional and unintentional reasons people might try to present themselves other than what they are. It is important to remember that the MMPI is just one tool that your therapist might use to make a diagnosisthey won't rely on these results alone. The concerns are usually vague and persist despite not being validated. Careers. It may measure a conscious attempt to give a favorable impression. The F (Infrequency) scale includes items selected to detect unusual or atypical responses. The MMPI-A II. endobj Validity Scales Pearson; 2020. Fb - Back F scale (Butcher, Dahlstrom, Grahm & Tellegen, 1989). If Fb is above T99, and F is not high, then the individual may have randomly responded to the latter part of the test. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. pbmT*Ivxp9$!mSmflO,y?.HsY %PDF-1.6 % The reader is advised to plot the validity and clinical proles when using the MMPI-2 using the tables in the MMPI-2 manual for administration and scoring, pp. The MMPI is considered reliable; however, it is just one tool of many to diagnose mental health conditions. This article discusses how the MMPI was developed, how it is used, and the different versions of the instrument that are available. endobj h254V0P054Q03Rw/+Q02L)(M6!vvpf`BY)#1TNSkP0 Z' endstream endobj 1941 0 obj <>stream Accessibility They were being defensive by claiming that they had no psychological problems. This scale was originally developed to identify individuals withparanoid symptomssuch as suspiciousness, feelings of persecution, grandiose self-concepts, excessive sensitivity, and rigid attitudes. What to Know About the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Note. As with L and K, elevations on these scales may represent defensiveness, impression management, or poor insight or awareness into ones behavior. Epub 2012 Jul 16. Note. ed.). hln0_epN$ bTU=X8;%hfY!S d TRIN offers additional information about response sets or styles that may affect the profile, measuring the degree to which the examinee responded inconsistently by endorsing items similar in content, but phrased as opposites, as both true or as both false. University of Minnesota. It measures people's mental health and provides evidence of mental disorders. The FBS (Fake Bad Scale) consists of items infrequently endorsed by personal injury litigants that tap somatic rather than psychiatric symptoms. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. MMPI-2 Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press; 2015. Ac. This is because the complex scale requires specific training to accurately interpret the results and misinterpreting the results can have harmful consequences, leading to unnecessary distress. Chapter 16: Psychological and behavioral assessment. 10 0 obj (2015). gy\=!F;A!EsYLb`B tOkh?jh+@KJ_JJW Rk5z_@,]Iq~{h0f A very low K could often be the only indication of psychopathology on an MMPI profile. ? The depression scale points to aspects related to clinical depression. This scale was designed by the original authors to identify what they referred to as "homosexual tendencies," for which it was largely ineffective. In the book Of Psychometric Means: Starke R. Hathaway and the Popularization of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, authors Rebecca Schilling and Stephen T. Casper conclude that the MMPI gives behavioral health professionals a starting point from which to build diagnoses and initiate treatment. The MMPI test should be used with other assessment tools as well. Many questions were removed or reworded while a number of new questions were added. The test can be scored by hand or by a computer, but the results should always be interpreted by a qualified mental health professional that has had extensive training in MMPI interpretation. Last medically reviewed on April 28, 2022. They used an empirical approach in the construction of the various scales of the MMPI. 7 0 obj (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved). hWNI~E}8 AlvA`Fc.hWDEOWWUW9S=V ) IzcZ(Jh47G(+BrBK@-TC&A)J omt@\m@ w?S.p/'bp7 High scorers tend to be more rebellious, while low scorers are more accepting of authority. The test also contains validity scales that can be helpful for detecting issues with the results such as conscious or unconscious attempts to manipulate the results of the assessment. The test has also been used as a screening instrument for certain professions, especially high-risk jobs, although using it in this manner has been controversial. A scale is a group of questions that measure a persons tendency toward a certain mental health condition. These clusters of mental health symptoms and the accompanying scores are referred to as clinical scales. Intentional deception has been known to occur in situations such as: Unintentional deception might occur for reasons such as: The validity scales vary among MMPI versions, but the MMPI-2 contains three general types of validity scales: Here are the validity scales usually used in the MMPI-2 assessment. The MMPI has been revised and updated various times to correct gender and racial bias, and to validate the test against new normative samples. An example of this is the F-K Index, also known as the Gough Dissimulation Index, for which the raw score on the K (Correction) scale is subtracted from the raw F (Infrequency) scale. Because many L scale items are obvious, elevations indicate that the examinee is engaging in a psychologically unsophisticated and naive attempt to portray himself or herself as possessing high moral value, without even minor personal flaws or shortcomings that most individuals would endorse on a self-report test. It doesnt use percentile ranks that indicate how well you did on the test. Psychol Assess. This scale gauges a persons ability to resist certain thoughts or behaviors. ,1949) (26 items). This is more likely than the other possible interpretation, namely that the testee decompensated toward the end of the test from having taken such a long self-report. The creators of the test felt that the self-report inventories of the time were too transparent. The F(p) is better than F or Fb in detecting feigning serious psychopathology. Sd-Social Desirability Scale (Wiggins, 1959) (33 items); based on asking college students to respond to the MMPI as a person who has the general values of the American culture. If however, the persons history does not support claims of superior adjustment, and T>65, consider a faking to look good bias. This can be also be High due to severe psychopathology. What Is the Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale? This scale can be thought of as a measure of disobedience and antisocial behavior. What Is the Bipolar Spectrum Diagnostic Scale? ~MH XW\xjsTf)Hml5+e?C Xznp Twenty or more left unanswered should be considered significant. Here are the 10 clinical scales of the MMPI-2, which is still the most widely used version of the MMPI. Clinical and Validity scales in the combinations are at a T-score of 70 or above, unless otherwise noted and are listed in order from the highest to the lowest peaks. MeSH Learn more about. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Very high scores (T> 90) commonly found with psychotic patients. The related questions concern low morale, overall dissatisfaction in life, and an absence of hope for the future. hb```a``@Y8&00Wp`! $AA&a6P8nYaxIgBn;Td}2](5uNn;R*N\q&9 `F)FUh2 Pe`yX,RaCj ,_4pZBA@+T6P~1L# H3C8AD WO endstream endobj 90 0 obj <>/OCGs[107 0 R]>>/Pages 83 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 91 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 92 0 obj <>stream official website and that any information you provide is encrypted This scale is designed to show changes in how a person responded in the first half of the test versus how they responded in the second half by using questions that most normal respondents didn't support. The best you can do is to be well-rested for the test and answer the questions truthfully.