major phases of iranian art post revolution major phases of iranian art post revolution

Accessed May 02, 2019. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Iran. These years saw a rampant increase in dissent through art that hadn't been seen in Iran since the 1979 Revolution. The view from the mountaintop was breathtaking. What are considered delicacies? Golestan was the first person to take pictures from the aftermath of the Halabja Chemical attack, which was a massacre in 1988 that killed Kurdish people in Iraq. The two exceptions are the Golestn Palace Museum in Tehrn, which was opened in 1894, and the All Saviours Cathedral Museum of Jolf (Efahn), which was built by the Armenian community in 1905. deemed as an announcement of the centrality of culture in post-revolutionary reorganization. Recognizing Predicate Adjectives. c. mar In each of the following sentences, underline the Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. personalising content and ads, providing social media features and to Answer the questlons about the age of the following people. (24) Finally, extremophiles prove that life can thrive in other-than-ideal conditions, which Its authors and Iran's new ruling elite were determined . Recalling the Future, until March 22, soas.ac.uk/gallery, Post-revolutionary Iranian art at the SOAS, Russian far-right fighter claims border stunt exposes Putins weakness, Germany and Italy stall EU ban on combustion engines, Germany seeks to buy Leopard tanks from Switzerland, Something is boiling: Turkish football fans tackle Erdoan, Three-day weekends and more time for love: Chinas elite dream up policies for Xi, Saudi owner of Londons most expensive house sued over alleged unpaid private jet bills, Panic station at Fox News: how the Murdochs agonised over Trumps loss, UK housing market braced for make-or-break spring, Harrods chief shrugs off recession fears because rich get richer. The College of Fine Arts at Tehran University (now University of Tehran) served as an important place for students interested in modern art. From the arrests of the Happy Dancers for their YouTube video, to the arrest of BargMusic managers for their music distribution website, Rouhanis promises do not seem to be transpiring as one would have hoped. Accessed April 15, 2019. http://www.clevelandart.org/art/2016.59. What are some of the major beliefs of the religion of Islam? Like other major revolutionssuch as the French and the Russianthe 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran did not remain a domestic affair. The major types of music in Iran are pop, rock, jazz and hip hop. 2. (7) The first extremophiles shown were thermophiles. We also use cookies set by a third party analytics service to measure traffic and collect statistics about users devices and browsers. This is done by declaring that "there is no god except one God. What kinds of dishes are popular? They also believed that a great sign of his existence was how organized the Earth was. Who participates and who observes? los platos en el fregadero. Later in the year of 1978, government and oil workers went on strike, and a scholar named Khomeini (who was banned from Iran because of the current Shah due to his strong following of protesters) came back to Iran and demanded the Shah to leave his position. (9) In recent years, even tougher organisms have been found living near hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor. This Is Not a Film was Panahis response to his ban. This addition to Intellect's Directory of World Cinema series turns the spotlight on the award-winning cinema of that nation, with particular attention to the major movements, historical turning points and prominent figures that have helped shape it. The answer consists of vocabulary word. An Iran expert at Hivos notes For example, there is a film that subtly addresses the AIDS issue without once mentioning the diseases name. He goes on to highlight, (e)very form of art in Iran is a form of protest. Irans filmmakers are celebrated for films that deal with the lives of children (Bashu the Stranger, 1989; The White Balloon, 1995; Children of Heaven, 1997), the concerns and issues of teenagers (The Need, 1991; Sweet Agony, 1999), the beauty of nature (Gabbeh, 1996), and social and psychological abuse in marriage, divorce, and polygyny (Leila, 1996; Two Women; Red, 1999). It was built by King Untash-Gal (c. 1265c. The Islamic Republic of Iran becomes official April 1, following an overwhelmingly popular referendum. In this video she compares how men are treated in Iran versus women in a dichotomous display (dichotomy is two starkly contrasted things) on a 2-channel movie screen. -modern Persian language The Pahlavi Shahs Wanted to Westernize and Modernize Iran. The artists all reject the idea that Iranian-ness is a single, fixed identity that remains the same throughout history, he adds. We use both persistent and session cookies on our website to be sure promotions are not re-displayed to users who have already seen them. Discuss what kind of art is popular during your time period (pre- or post-revolution). Well send you a myFT Daily Digest email rounding up the latest Life & Arts news every morning. The lack of contacts and collaborations with the art world outside Iran have created a system that works by its own rules, Mahmoud Bakhshi says, stressing that the lack of institutional initiatives in Iran poses a problem. They have a 100% of our support. The modern art movement in Iran had its genesis in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Contemporary Mexican American Art: Themes and Intentions, 21. C. The first thermophiles were discovered to be extremophiles. There is also a very vibrant Iranian modern and contemporary art scene, as well as cinema and photography. The dismemberment of the political forces in the post 1953 coup have allowed religious forces to become major players on the Iranian landscape. The Iran-Iraq War of 1980 to 1988 was a grinding, bloody, and in the end, completely pointless conflict. Socio-political repression from the Shahs control was increasing, and no protests were accepted and political abilities of the public were taken away, and those who still performed political protest were censored, heavily surveilled, and even tortured. The starkly beautiful images, devoid of people, present a ghost town at a time when mass protests took to the streets of the capital during the height of the Green Movement. major phases of iranian art post revolution. Achaemenid dynasty rules the first Persian Empire. Iranian Revolution. Encyclopdia Britannica. Modelo (poner) Pongan Uds. The artists may well be gaining momentum on the international stage, both commercially and critically, but the domestic art market has been stymied by the countrys isolationism. M6E 3S0. Rules of the Game The fundamentalists took advantage of the Islamic Republic (government based on religion) and rigged the elections Some Islamic fundamentalists protested in the late 1978 and 1979 What religions are represented in the population of Iran? Because of this particularly bloody revolution, artists who had been exiled or chose to leave the country would return and learn that home was no longer a place, and more so a feeling. Iran has been lauded as one of the best exporters of cinema in the 1990s. The International Monetary Fund predicts a 6% decline in Iran's GDP in 2020, which is expected to boost inflation to 34.2%. The role: A Shiite Islamic clergy started to oppose the shah, he was perceived as having good relations with the U.S. Those tensions, coupled with the widespread intimidation by SAVAK, the shah's secret police, aided the uprising that became known as the Iranian Revolution. (13) These cold creatures are most comfortable at -60degree For below, and they are thought to be at least 400,000 years old. The total deconstruction of the Pahlavi reigns overzealous attempts to Westernise Iran lead to a more defiant and variant artistic community an unexpected byproduct. them to reconsider. Within days, revolutionaries are in control of the military, ministries and media. Wrestling is also a very important part of Iranian tradition because at times it is called the the national sport of Iran. Cross-generational Iranian expatriates flocked to Iran Inside Out at the Chelsea Art Museum in New York in 2009, the first group exhibition of Iranian artists held in the US since the revolution. During the late 2nd millennium bce, Elam experienced a period of great prosperity and political stability under a line of powerful rulers. As quoted from Shirin Neshat herself, Magical realism allows an artist like myself to inject layers of meaning without being obvious. (6) Acidophiles flourish in environments having a pH of less than 3.0-roughly the acidity of lemon juice or vinegar. Its central feature is a remarkably well-preserved ziggurat, 345 feet (105 metres) square and originally 144 feet (44 metres) high, built for the most part of baked bricks each weighing about 40 pounds (18 kg). During the better-documented years of the 1st millennium, they again survived, side-by-side with the innovations imposed by Greek and other foreign craftsmen, and were later in fact reciprocally transmitted to Europe. Historical Moments Shaping Contemporary Art. It was not until the 20th century that a music conservatory was founded in Tehrn and that Western techniques were used to record traditional melodies and encourage new compositions. https://gladstonegallery.com/artist/shirin-neshat#&panel1-1, https://www.britannica.com/event/Iranian-Revolution-of-1978-1979, http://www.thewhitereview.org/feature/no-one-gets-alive-kaveh-golestans-prostitutes-series/, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Iran, https://www.huffpost.com/entry/sherin-neshat-artist-of-t_b_802050, https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/10-contemporary-and-modern-iranian-artists-you-should-know/, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaveh_Golestan, http://www.artnet.com/artists/shirin-neshat/untitled-turbulent-series-diptych-gGnaoI6e3bXMTLkPTfa0Cw2, https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/irnv/hd_irnv.htm, Afary, Janet. One of these characteristicsmanifest in bronze casting and stone carving as well as in painted ornamentis the predominance of decoration over representation. (Il) The heat-loving germs have cousins on the opposite end of the thermometer. Accessed April 02, 2019. https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/10-contemporary-and-modern-iranian-artists-you-should-know/. October 25, 2010, New York, NYIn preparation for a major exhibition focusing on the development of modernism in Iran scheduled for 2013, Asia Society launched its multi-year study of modern art in Iran with "Bridging the Modern and Contemporary," a discussion by esteemed specialists in the field.Melissa Chiu, Asia Society Museum Director and Vice President of Global Art Programs . What are some of the major beliefs of the religion of Islam? It is not unusual in Iran for gallerists to also be artists they just dont have the formalised division of labour that we have, and one person might wear several hats, Hodge says. Wikipedia. (Afary, Janet, Iranian Revolution.[1]). Since the Islamic Revolution of 1979 and the deposition of the pro-American Pahlavi regime in Iran, an interest in the country as a mythical, complex, and conflict-ridden place has magnified among the American public. figueroa street shooting; jeffrey friedman chiropractor; gifted child humming; how to adjust sim max driver From the Islamic period the architectural achievements of the Seljuq, Il-Khanid, and Safavid dynasties are particularly noteworthy. Describe and give examples of the major phases of Iranian art. Islamic clerical opposition leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini returns from 14 years of exile in Iraq and France. The first was from 1979 till the end of the (Iran-Iraq) war. Focus on the most popular kinds music of your time period (pre- or post-revolution). So women were the first sacrificial lambs of the pre-revolutionary movement. They are similar due to the fact they accept both Abraham and Jesus as prophets and have sacred writings(koran) similar to the bible/torah. Rouhani promised Iranians to bring about an atmosphere of free expression. Muslim (98%) Out of the 98% the 89% identifies as Shi'a The other 11% is Sunni What is the main Muslim text? Apart from the fact that it has been reconstructed with four receding stages and a summit temple, the structure of the ziggurat has little in common with that of Mesopotamian ziggurats. Khorsn is known for its turquoise working and the Persian Gulf region for its natural pearls. He was overthrown on Feb. 11, 1979 by the Islamic revolution and more specifically, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. Iranian musicians need support more than ever, he adds. No one knew about extremophiles until thermophiles were discovered in the 1960s. Currently, inconsistency has been the name of the game and the hallmark of President Rouhanis regime. Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, a previously exiled opponent of the Shah. In the space provided, write the letter of the choice that is most nearly the same in meaning as the Artistically, this was the period after the death of painter Kamal al-Mulk (1852-1940) and thus symbolically the end of a rigid adherence to academic painting. This statement was originally published by article19.orgs Azad Tribune on 13 February 2015. "No One Here Gets Out Alive: Kaveh Golestan's 'Prostitutes' Series." This move shows a promising step in the right direction. Iranian Revolution, also known as the Islamic Revolution, is a momentous development in the modern history of Islam. Park in Wyoming, where geothermal vents heat the ground water. The word Muslim means one who submits to the will of God. to the 7th Century A.D, The Metropolitan Museum of Art - Modern and Contemporary Art in Iran. The Trump presidency saw escalating tensions which the Biden administration has sought to moderate with uncertain results. Accessed April 02, 2019. https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/irnv/hd_irnv.htm. Who took over after he lost power? one, and only one great god named Allah. why is poverty island closed to the public MSY: 1021 Airline Dr, Kenner, LA 70062 (Free Shuttle) 8:00 - 23:00 24-Hour Drop Off Text / WhatsApp: 504-500-1885 major phases of iranian art post revolution (504) 500-1880. The Iranian educational system consists of 5 years of primary, 3 years of lower secondary, 3 years of upper secondary and one year of pre-university education. The most popular sports in Iran are soccer, wrestling, basketball, and volleyball. What are considered delicacies? Discuss what kind of art is popular during your time period (pre- or post-revolution). In the art world after the Revolution, a lot of the art history began to relate to exile, the idea of borders, and reflection of the past and on their society as well. He pledged to reduce censorship of artistic and cultural works. Yet the reality on the ground has been somewhat different. Accessed April 15, 2019. http://www.artnet.com/artists/shirin-neshat/untitled-turbulent-series-diptych-gGnaoI6e3bXMTLkPTfa0Cw2. Iraq's stated reason for initiating the war was defensive: The government in . (12) Psychrophiles live their long lives suspended in chunks of ice in frozen Antarctic lakes. What kinds of sports are popular in Iran? One area that has come under scrutiny is the way women dress and wear their hair - the old. Cafes became heavily regulated and cabarets were shut down. Bekhrad, Joobin. In 1997, I returned to Iran after 32 years to attend a seminar on women and film. (2) No, extremophiles are not young adults who leap from helicopters and snowboard down the sides of active volcanoes while guzzling caffeinated soda; they are unique microorganisms that can withstand environmental conditions so extreme that they seem to defy the basic facts we know about sustaining life. "Culture of Iran." Arrests and executions of political prisoners became more and more common place throughout the 70s. There are numerous phases of art in Iranian history.These phases include the Achaemenid reliefs and mosaic paintings. Iran is one of the few developing countries with great success in girls' education. Modern knowledge of Elamite history during the centuries that followed thus depends exclusively on references in Mesopotamian literature, occasioned by the perpetual contacts between the two countries. In American culture, where there is freedom of expression, this approach may seem forced, unnecessary and misunderstood. Women were usually housekeepers and prepared food for the family. (8) In the 1960s, scientists found the organisms living in the hot springs of Yellowstone National General Fazlollah Zahedi is proclaimed prime minister, and the Shah returns from temporary exile. B. The Elamite, Achaemenian, Hellenistic, and other pre-Islamic dynasties left striking stone testaments to their greatness, such as Chogh Zanbil and Persepolis both of which were designated UNESCO World Heritage sites in 1979. Kaveh Golestan. Wikipedia. 16 Jun June 16, 2022. major phases of iranian art post revolution. It was a tumultuous period of revolutionary extremes that included killing off supporters of the ancien regime, taking foreigners hostage, and fostering zealotry across the Islamic world. Write the letter for the word that best completes each sentence. With regards to freedom of artistic expression, Article 3, Section 28 30 highlight rights owed to citizens and obligations of the state. Accessed April 15, 2019. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaveh_Golestan. He was overthrown by the Iranian Revolution on 11 February 1979. War is a huge theme throughout Persepolis. Quiz. Untitled Turbulent Series Diptych by ShirinNeshat. Untitled Turbulent Series Diptych by Shirin Neshat on Artnet. Most of the artists are based in Iran. Reza Shah (A Shah is the name of the monarch position in Iran) did not like this, which caused the U.K. to remove him from his place as monarch and put his son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi in place of him who in turn did whatever Britain told him. Hodge and Yousefi argue that the egalitarian desires of Saqqakhaneh and other artists can appear to be almost inseparable from monarchist attempts to cover over the real conditions of social and economic inequality with images of a unified nation. figueroa street shooting; jeffrey friedman chiropractor; gifted child humming; how to adjust sim max driver The vagaries of European art history have meant that art in Iran before the seventh century exists in the part of the museum called Ancient and Near East and Iranian art from later than. This weapon is most avidly utilised in the cinema of Iran. Stone and clay are also used for the production of a wide range of household utensils, trays, dishes, and vases. More specifically, as people experience improving economic conditions over time they come to expect that they will be able to obtain more and more. We should note that the clampdown on FoE did not start with the Islamic Revolution. Empress Farah Pahlavi, in particular, fostered a flowering of the arts, say pro-monarchists. Torture, public murder, refugees, exile, political nightmares, and revolution. You can change your subscription preferences or unsubscribe at any time. The Islamic Revolution of Iran took place in 1979, and in the next decade, foundations of a new "pure" cinema were laid. Describe Iranian cuisine. In the words of Allah they believed that, "For everything there is a path, and the path to Paradise is knowledge." "Kaveh Golestan." His daring works have unsettled audiences in Tehran; in 2010, Mobed, with a nod to Chris Burdens 1971 performance piece Shoot, invited visitors to the Azad Art Gallery to take aim at his body with a pellet gun. The complex geopolitical history of ancient Assyria is typically divided by historians into three distinct phases: the Old Assyrian Empire, the Middle Assyrian period, and the Neo-Assyrian period. Iranian art films have garnered international fame and now enjoy a global following. The last extremophiles to be discovered were thermophiles. Rouhani promised Iranians to bring about an atmosphere of free expression. The Elamite, Achaemenian, Hellenistic, and other pre-Islamic dynasties left striking stone testaments to their greatness, such as Chogh Zanbil and Persepolisboth of which were designated UNESCO World Heritage sites in 1979. April 30, 2019. 0. Many artists became modernists artists with aesthetic approaches Felt is made in the south, and sheepskin is embroidered in the northeast. Get the latest free expression news delivered straight to your inbox. The modern art movement in Iran had its genesis in the late 1940s and early '50s. The development of Hegelian antithesis in those decades brought the country to the boiling point and caused the 1979 Iranian revolution. (19) It is truly the germ that hangs out in places where other germs do not-places like nuclear reactors. In 2010, Jafar Panahi was sentenced to six years in prison and a 20-year ban on film-making for national security and on propaganda charges against the state. This was the period after the death of famous Persian painter, Kamal-ol-molk (1852-1940) and thus symbolically the end of a rigid adherence to academic painting. Iranian Revolution refers to the popular movement in Iran (1979) to overthrow a pro-western monarchy and establish an Islamic republic. opens a realm of possibility for those hoping to find traces of life on harsh planets. Among the learned societies, all of which are located in Tehrn, the most important are the Ancient Iranian Cultural Society, the Iranian Mathematical Society, and the Iranian Society of Microbiology. (Post), Artist were pressured to become activists Though the international outcry led to his release, the ban was upheld. Why? Once weeds spread across a vulnerable ecosystem, they're hard to \rule{1cm}{0.15mm}. The last phase was the Qajarid era, because after this more modern and traditional types of art became more popular. Many are disillusioned due to heavy censorship and the uncertainty of official permits which allow them to perform. Islamic militants take 52 Americans hostage inside the US embassy in Tehran. Although officially forbiddeneven after the liberal reforms of the late 1990sWestern pop music is fashionable among Iranian youth, and there is a thriving trade in musical cassette tapes and compact discs. But this system of communication has become very Iranian. Another art piece of Shirin Neshats that explains Iranian culture and how their society works is Fervor which was created in 2000. That did not prevent Iranian artists from working in other media, such as calligraphy, illumination, weaving, ceramics, and metalwork. In the book Persepolis, there are two major phases that happens in the Iranian Revolution. Carpets are used locally and are exported. Over 480 global voices join forces to support Iranians fighting for freedom and democracy. By . The U.S posed an attack that raised the Shah into a complete monarchy. Exilic Iranian memoirs began to emerge after the 1979 Iranian Revolution and surged after September 11, 2001, claiming to provide an authentic depiction and explanation of the . Whereas education had formerly been in the hands of religious clerics, the Pahlavi shahs built . Popular sports in Iran include soccer/football, basketball, and volleyball. There was still a head of household (father/husband). A lizard-headed strongman and a nineteenth-century noblewoman pose together on a chaise lounge. Britain imposes an embargo and a blockade, halting oil exports and hitting the economy. Persian literature was deeply influenced by Western literary and philosophical traditions in the 19th and 20th centuries yet remains a vibrant medium for Iranian culture. Focus on the most popular kinds music of your time period (pre- or post-revolution). To ensure you receive our newsletters, add [emailprotected] to your safe senders list. major phases of iranian art post revolution. They demand the extradition of the Shah, in the US at the time for medical treatment, to face trial in Iran, Pharm - Sensory perception and Mobility Meds, Planetino 1: meine Klasse, im Untterricht, me, The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Edge Reading, Writing and Language: Level C, David W. Moore, Deborah Short, Michael W. Smith, Vondracek CKD Complications Pharmacotherapy. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The medium of a work of art from this period varies depending on the civilization that produced it, but most art served similar purposes: to tell stories, decorate utilitarian objects . In the succeeding Protoliterate period, each culture produced an independent form of pictographic writing. The National Council for Iranian Architecture, founded in 1967, discouraged blind imitation of the West and promoted the use of more traditional Iranian styles that were modified to serve modern needs. Discuss what kind of art is popular during your time period (pre- or post-revolution). Accessed April 15, 2019. http://www.kavehgolestan.org/#/page/1. They believe that Muhammad is the last and greatest prophet. While the Khahtami era (elected 1997) led to the encouragement of cultural and economic liberalisation, the Ahmadinejad rule continued to echo Khomeinis orthodox views. The House is Black (1961), directed by Forugh Farrokhzad is a documentary about the lepers in Babadaghi. These are all things included in the history of Iran, a Middle Eastern country that had been in turmoil for centuries. The simplified silhouettes, which once must have appeared as individual figures, are linked together in a repetitive frieze to form a band of enrichment or to articulate some plastic feature. Shirin Neshat: Artist of the Decade. HuffPost. Discuss what kind of art is popular during your time period (pre- or post-revolution). Many noted certain improvements for musicians (especially compared to 2008s music black-out) during the Rouhani administration, including permission for some women to partake in certain public solo performances. Describe major categories of Iranian music. According to Davies, revolutions occur when long-term socioeconomic development is followed by short-term and sharp economic reversals. A cube of sugar by Reza Mirkarimi. Years Leading to the Iranian Revolution, 196079. Metmuseum.org. The Qajarid era was the last stage of classical Persian art, In Persepolis, the main point or the outline story reflects on how the law in forcing them to change their way of living in this story. The Economic crisis had been, up to that point, the leading cause of revolutions and Iran had been enjoying relative economic prosperity. The Islamic Republic of Iran is proclaimed following a referendum. Cleveland Museum of Art. Accessed April 15, 2019. http://www.clevelandart.org/art/2016.59. They also had dances which were popular amongst the nation. BEFORE AFTER Describe and give examples of the major phases of Iranian art. The progress that women had made during the shah's reign destabilized toward the end. Some delicacies abgoosht, ash reshteh, khoresh, fesenjan, pilaf and many more. On February 1, 1979, just weeks after the Shah leaves, Khomeini makes a triumphant return to Iran to a crowd of millions. What relation did Mohammad Reza Pahlavi's exile have to the Iranian hostage crisis? It was sparked by the Iranian Revolution, led by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, which overthrew Shah Pahlavi in 1978-79. 15. (Kaveh Golestan, Wikipedia[5]) Below is one of Golestans photos from the Iranian Revolution of 1978-79 which shows the passion of the people resisting the Shah rule. Once again we are faced with Rouhanis mixed messages on artistic freedom. Rooney, Julia, and Maryam Ekhtiar. The SOAS show has a handful of important antecedents in the US and Europe. In the 1970s, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the current Shah, had already launched the White Revolution which caused economic growth but the growth of the economy was not spread evenly throughout the country which caused disrupt. Machine-made ceramic tiles are manufactured in Tehrn, but handmade tiles and mosaics, known for their rich designs and beautiful colours, also continue to be produced. Group 5: Culturemovies, music, art, fashion, etc. Under the Pahlavi monarchy, two architectural trends developedan imitation of Western styles, which had little relevance to the countrys climate and landscape, and an attempt to revive indigenous designs. This article concerns both the major discourses on art and artistic production in Iran after the 1979 Islamic Revolution; its aim is to define the emergence of neo traditionalism in the art of the 1990s.1 To do this, I will examine the major artistic trends and discourses within the socio-cultural context of postrevolutionary Iran, including . The players play and spectators watch the games. Under the secularising regime of the last shah, from 1941 to 1979, a loose group of artists called the Saqqakhaneh fused avant-garde theory with Iranian folk culture motifs, producing a strain of 1960s modernism rooted in popular culture. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Its heterogeneity reflects the range of societal conditions at the time: political discontent coupled with patriotism; secularism contrasted to religious fervor; the increasing disparity between rich and poor (Rooney, Ekhtiar, Years Leading to the Iranian Revolution 1960-79[2]).