% Faria, N. R. et al. Italian Institute for Environmental Sci. Noronha, K. V. M. S. et al. Genomics and epidemiology of the P.1 SARS-CoV-2 lineage in Manaus, Brazil. Article Glacial acrylic acid (GAA), methyl acrylate (MA), ethyl acrylate (EA), n-butyl acrylate (BA) and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (2-EHA). The new plastics economy: rethinking the future of plastics & catalyzing action. Article April 2021 was the deadliest month since the pandemic began: nine capital cities reported more deaths than births, and, by 25 April, the number of COVID-19 deaths in 2021 surpassed that reported in 2020. PubMed Central In any recycling effort, it is essential that a life cycle assessment27 is performed to determine the energy and environmental costs. https://www.statista.com/statistics/282732/global-production-of-plastics-since-1950 (2020). Chem. Andrady, A. L. Lancet Glob. defined the methodology. LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-NATURE Nature and Biodiversity LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-GOV Nature Governance Each project application under the call must address only one of these topics. https://www.ipea.gov.br/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=37022&Itemid=448 (2020). Tbuas Abreviadas de Mortalidade por Sexo e Idade. %PDF-1.7 Technical Assistance Projects (all subprogrammes): 22 September (5 p.m.). States are colored according to major regions. Third, reports of long-term consequences of COVID-19 among survivors continue to emerge32,33, including fatigue and neurological, pulmonary and cardiovascular complications, among others. Reaction conditions and yields for acid-catalyzed esterification of poly(acrylic acid), acetic acid, and undecanoic acid. 4d). and C.M.T. Our results point to an overall widening of the femalemale gap in e0 of 0.6 years in Brazil (9.1% increase). The autonomous nature of this role allows for providers to own the patient's quality of care and allows for collaboration with attending physicians and other providers at the facility with the. For 2019 and 2020, our estimates include deaths from all causes registered in the Mortality Information System. (September 20, 2016). Demography 43, 647657 (2006). %PDF-1.7 Acc. Google Scholar. These records, aggregated at the state level, are publicly available by date on the website (https://brasil.io/covid19/). You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. Baqui, P., Bica, I., Marra, V., Ercole, A. R. Soc. The resulting acidic polymer solutions were used directly in the subsequent experiments without any isolation steps. Inicio / Programas UE / LIFE2027 / LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-GOV (LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-GOV) - NATURE GOVERNANCE. The highest absolute and relative decline among states was estimated for Amazonas (3.46 years), followed by Amap (3.18 years) and Par (2.71 years), all in the North region. & van der Schaar, M. Ethnic and regional variations in hospital mortality from COVID-19 in Brazil: a cross-sectional observational study. Nmero 30 116 (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e EstatsticaIBGE, Diretoria de Pesquisas, Coordenao de Populao e Indicadores Sociais, 2013). By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. Jan 2021- Apr 20214 months Calgary, Alberta, Canada ENCI 693 - Project Engineering Management was a industry-led course for the graduate students majoring in Project Management at the Department. Polym. We calculated nRx, the age-specific and sex-specific ratio of deaths from all causes other than COVID-19 to deaths inclusive of COVID-19. We applied standard life table relationships to complete these counterfactual life tables44. Codice fiscale e Partita Iva 10125211002 . Experienced Manager with a demonstrated history of working in the computer software industry. COVID-19 exacerbated inequality, exposing the most vulnerable to food insecurity and severe hunger38,39. Nat. Report 19: the potential impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on HIV, TB and malaria in low- and middle-income countries. 4a). 123, 116129 (2019). You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. and S.G. conducted data curation. Microwave-assisted hydrothermal decomposition of super absorbent polymers. The initially heterogeneous reaction mixture becomes a homogeneous solution over time due to the chemical change from a superabsorbent gel-like substance into the soluble, linear polymer products. The adhesive properties of the synthesized polyacrylates were evaluated using rheology and analyzed with respect to Changs viscoelastic window (VW), which classifies different adhesive types48. We used death rates from all causes (including COVID-19) to calculate single-decrement life tables in 2019 and 2020. Chazovachii, P. T., Somers, M., Alfaro, J., McNeil, A. J. 24, 561564 (2021). We compared the gap in life expectancy between males and females in the period life tables constructed for 2019 and 2020 (Methods). Fundao Oswaldo Cruz. LIFE - Support for applicants (europa.eu) In contrast, a common approach used in industry to convert acrylic acid into acrylate esters uses inexpensive alcohols as both the reagent and solvent39,40. Tang, H., Luan, Y., Yang, L. & Sun, H. A perspective on reversibility in controlled polymerization systems: recent progress and new opportunities. Skilled in Business Planning, Operations Management, Business Intelligence, and Logistics Management. Among males, two states, Amazonas and Par, both in the North region, lost all that was gained over 2 decades (Fig. Chiang, C. L. Introduction to Stochastic Processes in Biostatistics (Wiley, 1968). Nat Commun 12, 4524 (2021). Surprisingly, even when excess H2O was intentionally added (3 equiv), high conversions were still observed (Supplementary Information pgs S15S16). For each state and sex, we calculated the difference between the two life tables to estimate reductions in e0 and e65 due to COVID-19 (Supplementary Tables 1 and 2). To compute the total persons-years lived for 2020, we added the monthly contributions. Sonicating 2.5% and 5.0% w/v solutions of decrosslinked PAAP&G for 010min using a 20kHz sonication horn operating at full amplitude (100%) revealed rapid chain-shortening for the decrosslinked PAAP&G (Fig. . Science 371, 288292 (2021). produced all visualization. Prod. et al. In this study, we used data on reported total deaths in 2020 and in JanuaryApril 2021 to measure and compare the death toll across states. Eng. Demonstrativos de linhagens e genomas SARS-CoV-2. First, we obtained mid-year population projections for 20182020 and abridged life tables estimated for 20002020 by state, age and sex from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatstica, or IBGE, in Portuguese) (https://www.ibge.gov.br/en/statistics/social/population/18176-population-projection.html). Depolymerization of polymers. To circumvent these challenges, the water by-product can be selectively removed via azeotropic distillation, or a large excess of alcohol can be employed44,45. Noymer, A. LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-GOV Nature Governance Each project application under the call must address only one of these topics. Under ultrasound, solvodynamic shear forces cleave polymer chains into shorter fragments while maintaining the polymers chemical identity. Li, J., Nagamani, C. & Moore, J. S. Polymer mechanochemistry: from destructive to productive. 7 years of experience in SAP GL-MDM, SAP MDG and SAP ECC (Cost Center, Profit Center & General Ledger). As high life expectancies are predominantly in the South region and the lowest are in the North, these results suggest that COVID-19 mortality reproduced regional inequalities, reflecting the pandemics disproportionate burden among vulnerable groups5 but also spatial patterns of COVID-19 spread18. Disruption in treatment and diagnosis of tuberculosis and HIV might increase mortality over the next 5 years30. M.C.C. However, this approach can lead to low yields due to competitive ester hydrolysis41,42 and catalyst deactivation by water43. In addition, D.I.C. 32, 290299 (2016). Molecules 23, 2870 (2018). Lpine, L. & Gilbert, R. Thermal degradation of polyacrylic acid in dilute aqueous solution. THIS GRANT IS CURRENTLY CLOSED. July 4, 2022 life 2021 sap nat naturebritish white cattle for sale in washingtonbritish white cattle for sale in washington e65 declined by a larger percentage for males than females in all states, reflecting mens higher risks of dying from COVID-19 (ref. & Brooks, C. L. Adaptive landscape flattening accelerates sampling of alchemical space in multisite dynamics. 19, 36923706 (2017). Instead, we envisioned a 23 step method from crosslinked sodium polyacrylate: (i) acid-catalyzed or base-mediated decrosslinking to generate linear polymers, (ii) optional sonication to lower the molar mass, and (iii) functionalizing via esterification to generate tack (Fig. Am. Palloni, A., Pinto, G. & Beltrn-Snchez, H. Two centuries of mortality decline in Latin America: from hunger to longevity. Il nuovo programma contribuir alla transizione verso un' economia sostenibile, al miglioramento della qualit dell'ambiente e alla tutela della biodiversit. On. Manag. Overall, the viscoelastic properties of the synthesized PSAs suggest they would be useful for applications such as removable general-purpose adhesives, including tapes, bandages, and sticky notes. Vital Strategies. Similarly to Brazil, many other countries in Latin America experienced a relatively fast pace of mortality improvement during this period, benefitting from the public health and medical progress of their forerunners9,11. Giving superabsorbent polymers a second life as pressure-sensitive adhesives. 1a, Supplementary Table 1 and Methods), with a larger drop for males (1.57 years) than females (0.95 years). D.I.C., M.I.J., and E.N.G.M. et al. At each time point, the maximum specific energy (wmax) was calculated using the maximum power drawn from the outlet and the mass of added PAA (Supplementary Information pg S3), and the molar masses were determined using size-exclusion chromatography. Chang noted that most existing PSAs appear between the G and G bounds of 103 and 106 Pascals (Pa) at the aforementioned bounding frequencies, and can be grouped into the quadrants (and central region) highlighted in Fig. For comparison, we also evaluated the hydrolysis using 0.8M aq. We show that life expectancy in the presence of COVID-19 is equivalent to levels observed in Brazil as far back as 20 or more years in some states. Ultimately, inequality might become worse, exacerbating an already distressing scenario due to COVID-19. Anjeza Beharaj, Ethan Z. McCaslin, Mark W. Grinstaff, Aya Samir, Fatma H. Ashour, Mohamed Bassyouni, Amar K. Mohanty, Feng Wu, Manjusri Misra, Hom N. Sharma, Jeremy M. Lenhardt, Long N. Dinh, Ephraim G. Morado, Mara L. Paterson, Steven C. Zimmerman, Anna M. Duraj-Thatte, Avinash Manjula-Basavanna, Neel S. Joshi, Ainara Sangroniz, Jian-Bo Zhu, Haritz Sardon, Nature Communications To monitor this process, we measured changes in the complex viscosity over time. Barbosa, R. J., Souza, P. H. G. F. & Soares, S. S. D. Distribuio de Renda nos Anos 2010: uma dcada perdida para desigualdade e pobreza. Future Market Insights (FMI). performed the life cycle assessments mentored by J.A. 3, e1700782 (2017). T32 AG000037). & Cameron, E. E. Suboptimal US response to COVID-19 despite robust capabilities and resources. a, Estimated change in life expectancy at birth in 2020 based on the difference from life tables calculated for 2019 and 2020 by state and sex. )fdg{ca8L[2!/5\r>yGFB]Jd0EH|-v6fmxtlv^{@-0x@oOXLx1)&f@4M6"S6,+I"zvM7AC ~z:Wy{wF3JkGZpd\ _] 7N8cPi} Also, the states with extreme values changed only for e65 for both sexes, with the lowest shifting from Roraima in 2019 to Amazonas in 2020. USA 118, e2014746118 (2021). Ichiura, H., Nakaoka, H. & Konishi, T. Recycling disposable diaper waste pulp after dehydrating the superabsorbent polymer through oxidation using ozone. J. Environ. c, Bivariate choropleth map of the estimated change in e0 and e65 in 2020 based on the difference from life tables calculated for 2019 and 2020 by state. Preprint at https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.26.21252554v1 (2021). CAS We quantified the effect of COVID-19 on reversing the progress in mortality reduction since 2000 (Methods). Super absorbent polymer recycling to pressure sensitive adhesives. <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 595.32 841.92] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> 2U19AI089681-08). First, differences in these period life expectancies capture both direct and indirect mortality effects of COVID-19 in 2020. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Hong, M. & Chen, E. Y.-X. Health 7, e1575e1583 (2019). The Guardian. Chem. NaOH and mild heating (Fig. Recent efforts to sidestep this degradation using microwaves and added radical initiators led to oligomeric products with 5060% decarboxylation19. Next, undecanoic acid was esterified under the same conditions, yielding 100% ester for 2-ethylhexanol/water and 85% for ethanol/water. It is also the case that the difference in life expectancy between 2019 and 2020 could encompass secular changes unrelated to the pandemic. in Brasil: uma viso geogrfica e ambiental no incio do sculo XXI. To interrogate this hypothesis, we measured the percent esterification under different conditions. Raber, D. J. et al. Caruso, M. M. et al. Most consumer PSA-based products are found in either quadrant 3 or the central region (e.g., office tape, sticky notes, bandages, and removable labels), which is signified by low-to-medium G and G. A more limited version of the basic income program was re-established in April 2021. Mater. Child immunization was reduced, particularly among impoverished children in the North region29. As of 29 May 2021, the number of COVID-19 deaths in Brazil was 137% of those reported in 2020; in Amazonas, for every COVID-19 death in 2020, there have been 1.5 deaths in 2021. On average, larger declines in e0 and e65 were estimated in the North regions and smaller in the South regions (Fig. The reduction in life expectancy at age 65 (e65) in 2020 was 0.9 years, setting Brazil back to 2012 levels. Plastics and the Environment. Public Health 17, 4322 (2020). We estimated a reduction of 1.31 years in e0 from 2019 to 2020 (Fig. We used several data sources to estimate the changes in e0 and e65 due to COVID-19 by state and sex in Brazil. sub-programme "Transition to clean energy". Slider with three articles shown per slide. Estimates of period mortality rates require an estimate of the population exposed to the risk of dying. Fourth, the economic crisis that hit Brazil in 2014 has contributed to increases in mortality35, poverty and inequality36. x:y*$J*e,=x QHM`zeF i(ED'*V[Xzd;KOtI102e2P\vto\jQ| Z 34, 189200 (1991). 2 Topics under the 2021 call 1. wrote the codes for analysis. [:BiU{okw}weM~{zo=nR{=x"}C?V]nQi,"8(,|"}'Y77iY. % axL5Bv\cH L(8@#lP&djen$kqbn7GwU$Kn~` d!B"mheQ%$HL3\0(Jqv\s. https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/publications/the-new-plastics-economy-rethinking-the-future-of-plastics-catalysing-action (2017). Google Scholar. Experimentally, a plateau is observed in the plot of weight-average molar mass (Mw) versus sonication time. It was here that Sam, my husband, turned to me and said, 'This could . For example, high degrees of esterification were observed via 1H NMR spectroscopy when using only 5 equiv. Fornof, A. R. et al. JAMA 325, 808811 (2021). J. Appl. Mortality due to COVID-19 is estimated to have reduced e0 in the United States by 1.13 years, setting it back to values observed in 2003 (ref. The resulting polymers were isolated in ~97% yield (over the two steps). Plots of storage (G) versus loss (G) moduli for poly(2-ethylhexylacrylate) (a), including visualization of Changs viscoelastic window, and of the cumulative energy demand (CED) and global warming potential (GWP) for each route (b). EUROPE FACILITY. Peer review information Nature Medicine thanks Pedro Hallal, Usama Bilal and Vladimir Canudas Romo for their contribution to the peer review of this work. http://www.genomahcov.fiocruz.br/tabela-de-dados/ (2021). FaterSMART. 28, 434439 (2003). To estimate total deaths in the presence of COVID-19, we used different methodological approaches. To avoid inconsistencies between life tables estimated for 2019 and 2020, we applied the same methodology to 2019. Lotta, G., Wenham, C., Nunes, J. performed the computations mentored by P.M.Z. M.C.C. Prot. For the base case scenario (absence of COVID-19), we used mortality rates reported in 2019, which we treated as cause-deleted life tables (that is, there were no deaths from COVID-19 in 2019), and applied these to the population at risk to obtain expected deaths in the absence of COVID-19.
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